Exploring the influence of odour habituation on risk perception and safety behaviour in rubber manufacturing

Industrial odours are a distinct environmental feature of rubber manufacturing environment. Despite its prevalence, the impact of prolonged exposure to worker’s safety remains underexplored. This study aims to explore the effects of extended odour exposure, particularly on how odour habituation influences worker’s risk perception and safety behaviour in Malaysian rubber manufacturing industry. Although risk perception is widely recognised as key determinant of workplace safety, there is limited research regarding how odour habituation affects worker’s risk appraisal over time. To address this gap, the study adopted a qualitative single-case study design to explore the mechanisms underlying odour-related risk dynamics. The investigation was guided by the Risk Perception-Unsafe Behaviour Formation Model to frame the role of sensory adaptation in shaping worker’s safety behaviour. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with workers from both direct and indirect exposure roles, supported with direct observations at the rubber manufacturing facility. Thematic analysis revealed a spectrum of habituation development that were influenced by various adaption catalysts. Odour habituation contributed to a range of perceptual biases that were reinforced by social norms and limitations in organizational controls. The findings also highlighted behavioural gaps, particularly when odours were no longer consciously recognised. Despite these challenges, workers proposed practical improvements including awareness training, tailored PPE and participatory safety practices. This reflects their awareness regarding the contextual inadequacy of the interventions. Based on these insights, the study recommended a multi-layered control strategy to address both systemic and behavioural risks in odour-intensive environment. This study presents an extended perspective on risk formation by integrating sensory adaptation and contextual dynamics. The findings also underscore the need for adaptive, perception-informed interventions in odour-intensive environments and provide a foundation for future research across similar industrial environments.