Pengaruh beban kerja dan persekitaran kerja terhadap tekanan kerja dalam kalangan paramedik di daerah Machang Kelantan

This study aimed to examine the influence of workload and work environment on job stress among paramedics in Machang district, Kelantan. Paramedics play a vital role in the healthcare system by providing critical pre-hospital emergency care, yet they often face unique challenges, particularly in rural areas. This study employed a quantitative cross-sectional design involving paramedic respondents working at Machang Hospital and five health clinics in Machang district. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring three main variables: workload (quantitative, qualitative, and contextual dimensions), work environment (physical, psychosocial, and organizational dimensions), and job stress (psychological, physical, and behavioral manifestations). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. Findings revealed that the overall level of job stress among paramedics was moderate with psychological manifestations recording the highest level. Contextual workload recorded the highest level, while physical work environment recorded the lowest level. Surprisingly, inferential analysis showed no significant relationship between workload and job stress, nor between work environment and job stress. The multiple regression model was also non-significant, and no significant differences were found based on demographic factors. These findings challenge conventional job stress theories and indicate the need to develop models specific to the context of paramedics in rural Malaysia. This study suggests further research using mixed methods and longitudinal designs, as well as developing instruments more suitable for local contexts. Practical implications include the need for mental health support programs, improvement of physical work environments, and development of specific policies for paramedics in rural areas.