Analysing the conceptual model of factors influencing pricing practices in Peninsular Malaysia’s haulage industry

The haulage sector is a vital component of Malaysia’s logistics network, supporting trade flows between seaports and inland destinations. Despite its importance, the sector operates without a structured pricing mechanism, leading to inconsistent and non-transparent pricing practices. This issue has raised concerns over sustainability, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating under cost pressure. The problem is further compounded by an absence of formal regulatory oversight, unlike sea and air transport, which are governed by established legal frameworks. This study aims to examine stakeholders’ perceptions of pricing fairness in the Malaysian haulage industry and to identify the operational cost factors that shape a fair pricing structure. The research objectives include identifying key cost components, evaluating their influence on pricing practices, and analysing a conceptual model that reflects fair pricing principles. A qualitative approach was adopted, using semi-structured interviews with selected industry players, including haulage operators, association representatives, and regulatory stakeholders. The data were analysed thematically to uncover recurring views on pricing challenges and expectations. The analysis revealed that manpower costs, vehicle maintenance, and technology adoption are the most critical elements influencing perceptions of fair pricing. Additionally, issues such as client power imbalance, regulatory gaps, and absence of cost-reflective tools were raised. The study recommends that Malaysia’s future haulage pricing approach be aligned with the National Transport Policy (NTP) 2019–2030 by promoting stakeholder inclusivity, transparency, and sustainability. Analysing the proposed conceptual model provides practical insights for policymakers and industry leaders to strengthen cost-reflective and equitable pricing frameworks.