Conceptual framework of virtual heritage for Tang Dynasty architectural digital restoration

Tang Dynasty architecture has been damaged or has gradually disappeared due to the passage of time, wars, deterioration of timber structures, and natural disasters. Previous studies have primarily relied on technical approaches such as animation, Building Information Modelling (BIM), and Computer Aided Design (CAD). Nevertheless, research on conceptual frameworks for virtual heritage in architectural digital restoration remains limited. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are as follows: (i) to identify the virtual heritage elements involved in the digital restoration of Tang Dynasty architecture; (ii) to construct a conceptual framework for the virtual heritage based digital restoration of Tang Dynasty architecture; (iii) to validate the proposed conceptual framework for the virtual heritage based digital restoration of Tang Dynasty architecture; and (iv) to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual heritage based digital restoration of Tang Dynasty architecture in terms of usability and learnability .This study underwent phases of problem identification, design and development and evaluation to verify and validate the framework. Research methods include scoping review, field visit, expert interview, instrument development and VR prototype, and user evaluation were conducted to achieve the research objectives. The main finding is the conceptual framework of Virtual Heritage for Tang Dynasty Architectural Digital Restoration which complies learnability and usability. In terms of learnability, VR enables users to acquire complex knowledge and skills related to Tang Dynasty architecture more efficiently through immersive experiences and interactive functions. In the meantime, for usability, the high level of realism provided by VR when simulating architectural environments enhances its value for user exploration and interaction. Overall, this study successfully developed the virtual heritage conceptual framework for digital restoration. It offers a new perspective and technique for digital architectural heritage research and subsequently contributes to better guidelines and knowledge advancement in digital restoration of architectural heritage